17 research outputs found
mTORC1-S6K Activation by Endotoxin Contributes to Cytokine Up-Regulation and Early Lethality in Animals
Background: mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) activation has been demonstrated in response to endotoxin challenge, but the mechanism and significance are unclear. We investigated the effect of mTORC1 suppression in an animal model of endotoxemia and in a cellular model of endotoxin signaling. Methodology/Principal Findings: Mice were treated with the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin or vehicle prior to lethal endotoxin challenge. Mortality and cytokine levels were assessed. Cultured macrophage-like cells were challenged with endotoxin with or without inhibitors of various pathways known to be upstream of mTORC1. Activated pathways, including downstream S6K pathway, were assessed by immunoblots. We found that mTORC1-S6K suppression by rapamycin delayed mortality of mice challenged with lethal endotoxin, and was associated with dampened circulating levels of VEGF, IL-1b, IFN-c and IL-5. Furthermore, in vitro cellular studies demonstrated that LPS (lipopolysaccharide) activation of mTORC1-S6K still occurs in the presence of PI3K-Akt inhibition alone, but can be suppressed by concurrent inhibition of PI3K-Akt and MEK-ERK pathways. Conclusions/Significance: We conclude that cellular activation of mTORC1-S6K contributes to cytokine up-regulation an
Comparison of clinical outcome between laparoscopic and open right hemicolectomy: a nationwide study
Large amplitude oscillatory shear of pseudoplastic and elastoviscoplastic materials
We explore the utility of strain-controlled large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS)
deformation for identifying and characterizing apparent yield stress responses in
elastoviscoplastic materials. Our approach emphasizes the visual representation of the LAOS
stress response within the framework of Lissajous curves with strain, strain-rate, and stress as the
coordinate axes, in conjunction with quantitative analysis of the corresponding limit cycle
behavior. This approach enables us to explore how the material properties characterizing the
yielding response depend on both strain amplitude and frequency of deformation. Canonical
constitutive models (including the purely viscous Carreau model and the elastic Bingham model)
are used to illustrate the characteristic features of pseudoplastic and elastoplastic material
responses under large amplitude oscillatory shear. A new parameter, the perfect plastic
dissipation ratio, is introduced for uniquely identifying plastic behavior. Experimental results are
presented for two complex fluids, a pseudoplastic shear-thinning xanthan gum solution and an
elastoviscoplastic invert-emulsion drilling fluid. The LAOS test protocols and the associated
material measures provide a rheological fingerprint of the yielding behavior of a complex fluid
that can be compactly represented within the domain of a Pipkin diagram defined by the
amplitude and timescale of deformation.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Graduate Research Fellowship)United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) (Chemical Robots program